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Voltage Divider

Two equal resistors split 12 V into 6 V — the workhorse of analog design.

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voltage-divider.circuit dc analysis
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How it works

A voltage divider produces an output that is a fixed fraction of its input: Vout = Vin × R2 / (R1 + R2). With two equal 10 kΩ resistors, the midpoint sits at exactly half the supply.

The voltage probe is wired to the midpoint node so you can read it on the oscilloscope or straight from the node label. Try making R2 larger than R1 and the output rises toward the full supply.